Microbiology Series: Episode 7

Engleberg, N. C., DiRita, V. J., & Imperiale, M. J. (2022). Schaechter’s mechanisms of microbial disease (6th ed.). Wolters Kluwer.

Madigan, M. T., Bender, K. S., Buckley, D. H., Sattley, W. M., Stahl, D. A., & Brock, T. D. (2012). Brock Biology of Microorganisms (13th ed.). Pearson Education.

Tortora, G. J., Funke, B. R., & Case, C. L. (2013). Microbiology: An Introduction (11th ed.). Pearson Education.

Smith, A. C., & Hussey, M. A. (2005, September 30). Gram stain protocols. American Society for Microbiology. https://asm.org/getattachment/5c95a063-326b-4b2f-98ce-001de9a5ece3/gram-stain-protocol-2886.pdf

Gaynes, R. (2017, May). The discovery of penicillin—new insights after more than 75 years of clinical use. Emerging Infectious Diseases. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5403050/

Cornell College of Agriculture and Life Sciences. (n.d.). Bacterial Endospores. Cornell CALS. https://cals.cornell.edu/microbiology/research/active-research-labs/angert-lab/epulopiscium/bacterial-endospores

Basta, M., & Annamaraju, P. (2023, January 30). Bacterial Spores. StatPearls. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK556071

Rohde, M. (2019, May 24). The Gram-positive Bacterial Cell Wall. Microbiology Spectrum. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11086966/#:~:text=Therefore%2C%20bacterial%20cell%20walls%20deserve,disease%20in%20animals%20and%20humans.

Beveridge, T. J. (1999, August). Structures of Gram-negative Cell Walls and Their Derived Membrane Vesicles. Journal of Bacteriology. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC93954/#:~:text=Gram%2Dnegative%20cell%20walls%20are,back%20to%20the%20Archean%20eon.

Libretexts. (2024, November 23). 4.4D: Mycoplasmas and Other Cell-Wall-Deficient Bacteria. Biology LibreTexts. https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Microbiology/Microbiology_(Boundless)/04%3A_Cell_Structure_of_Bacteria_Archaea_and_Eukaryotes/4.04%3A_Cell_Walls_of_Prokaryotes/4.4D%3A_Mycoplasmas_and_Other_Cell-Wall-Deficient_Bacteria#:~:text=Consistent%20with%20this%20very%20limited,Key%20Points

Jarlier, V., & Nikaido, H. (1994, October 1). Mycobacterial Cell Wall: Structure and Role in Natural Resistance to Antibiotics. Oxford Academic: FEMS Microbiology Letters. https://academic.oup.com/femsle/article/123/1-2/11/426815

Pereira, A. C. C., Ramos, B., Reis, A. C. c., & Cunha, M. V. V. (2020, September 9). Non-tuberculous Mycobacteria: Molecular and physiological bases of virulence and adaptation to ecological niches. Microorganisms. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7563442/#:~:text=The%20diversion%20of%20energy%20(ATP,coli%20PolIII%CE%B1%20%5B78%5D.

Hett, E. C., & Rubin, E. J. (2008, March). Bacterial Growth and Cell Division: A Mycobacterial Perspective. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2268284/#:~:text=the%20nonsporulating%20M.-,tuberculosis%20is%20its%20ability%20to%20remain%20dormant%20within%20an%20individual,%2Drich%20gram%2Dpositive%20organisms.

Gao, S., Jin, W., Quan, Y., Li, Y., Shen, Y., Yuan, S., Yi, L., Wang, Y., & Wang, Y. (2024, March 13). Bacterial Capsules: Occurrence, Mechanism, and Function. Nature News. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41522-024-00497-6

Waites, K. B., & Ambalavanan, N. (2025, May 15). Mycoplasma hominis and Ureaplasma Infections. UpToDate. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/mycoplasma-hominis-and-ureaplasma-infections

To, K., Cao, R., Yegiazaryan, A., Owens, J., & Venketaraman, V. (2020, August 6). General Overview of Nontuberculous Mycobacteria Opportunistic Pathogens: Mycobacterium avium and Mycobacterium abscessus. Journal of Clinical Medicine. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7463534/#:~:text=NTM%20are%20ubiquitous%20in%20the,abscessus.

Nucci, A., Le Bris, J., Diaz-Diaz, S., Torres-Elizalde, L., Rocha, E. P. C., & Rendueles, O. (2025b, October 8). Phenotypic Heterogeneity of Capsule Production Across Opportunistic Pathogens. American Society for Microbiology. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12505892/#:~:text=The%20bacterial%20extracellular%20capsule%20is,in%20ON/OFF%20phase%20variation.

Li, G., Cortez, M. H., & Weitz, J. S. (2019, August 1). When to be Temperate: On the Fitness Benefits of Lysis vs. Lysogeny. Virus Evolution. https://www.biorxiv.org/

Goel , T., Beckett, S. J., & Weitz, J. S. (2025, April 29). Eco-evolutionary Dynamics of Temperate Phages in Periodic Environments. Virus Evolution. https://academic.oup.com/ve/article/11/1/veaf019/8121540

Komarova, N. L. (2007, December 21). Viral Reproductive Strategies: How can Lytic Viruses be Evolutionarily Competitive?. Journal of Theoretical Biology. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/351163114_httpswwwsciencedirectcomsciencearticleabspiiS1051200421000968

Erez, Z., Steinberger-Levy, I., Shamir, M., Doron, S., Stokar-Avihail, A., Peleg, Y., Melamed, S., Leavitt, A., Savidor, A., Albeck, S., Amitai, G., & Sorek, R. (2017, January 26). Communication Between Viruses Guides Lysis-Lysogeny Decisions. Nature. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5378303/#:~:text=Temperate%20viruses%20can%20become%20dormant,the%20lytic%20or%20lysogenic%20cycle.

Fehringer, M., & Vogl, T. (2025, January 7). Molecular Mimicry in the Pathogenesis of Autoimmune Rheumatic Diseases. Journal of Translational Autoimmunity. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11773492/#:~:text=The%20peptide%20triggering%20molecular%20mimicry,RF%20on%20IgG1Fc%20%5B157%5D.

Ene, I. V., & Bennett, R. J. (2014, April). The Cryptic Sexual Strategies of Human Fungal Pathogens. Nature Reviews: Microbiology. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4102497/

Nielsen, K., & Heitman, J. (2007). Sex and Virulence of Human Pathogenic Fungi. Advances in Genetics. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17352904/#:~:text=Recent%20studies%20with%20engineered%20pairs,into%20successful%20pathogens%20in%20humans.

Gauthier, G., & Klein, B. S. (2008, September). Insights into Fungal Morphogenesis and Immune Evasion: Fungal Conidia, when Situated in Mammalian Lungs, may Switch from Mold to Pathogenic Yeasts or Spore-Forming Spherules. Microbe (Washington, D.C.). https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2902187/#:~:text=Once%20situated%20in%20lungs%2C%20the,of%20particular%20interest%20to%20us.